What is a crypto rug pull?
Adapting the general definition of a rug pull to crypto, the term thus means a sudden and deliberate withdrawal of support for a cryptocurrency project by its core development team. This action is often followed by the withdrawal of liquidity from the project’s treasury or coffers, thereby leaving investors exposed to losses. It is often the case to witness a cryptocurrency token scam, but with the rising popularity of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the recent past, there have been a few incidents of NFT rug pulls as well. It is, therefore, important to understand both kinds to be better prepared as an investor within the cryptocurrency industry. Crypto rug pulls are more common within decentralized entities such as decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and decentralized exchanges (DEXes) as opposed to the more centralized properties. This is because decentralized entities have little to no adherence to regulatory provisions, thereby encouraging anonymity and pseudonymity amongst project developers and users alike. According to a report by blockchain intelligence firm Chainalysis, cryptocurrency rug pulls alone accounted for a loss of $2.8 billion in 2021, which equates to an average daily loss of $7.67 million. The good news for the wise and astute investor is that rug pull scams typically follow a similar path making them easy to identify and avoid. In a later section of this guide, you will learn these easily identifiable traits to look out for and protect your investments. Recommended video: What is a Crypto Rug Pull? Crypto beginners’ corner:
How to Invest in Crypto? Complete Beginner’s Guide Best Cryptocurrency Exchanges – Top 7 Picks 15 Best Crypto Books for Beginners Must-read Crypto Wallets Guide for Beginners How to Mint & Sell NFTs? Beginner’s Guide How to Stake Cryptocurrency? Step-by-Step 11 Crypto Slang Terms Explained Best Crypto Trading Bots – Top 3 Picks What is DeFi? Liquidity Mining Explained
Types of crypto rug pulls
There are three common types of crypto rug pulls. These are:
Liquidity theft; Limiting/blocking sell orders; Token dumping.
Let’s further discuss each of these three types of rug pulls.
1. Liquidity theft
Liquidity in cryptocurrency refers to the ease of conversion between two assets. It could either be a trade between a digital token and a fiat currency or another token. The easier it is, the higher the liquidity of the specific token. A market is considered more liquid if there are large deposits of that asset held in a pool waiting for buyers or sellers. Alternatively, a platform could allow for direct trades between two market participants from their cryptocurrency wallets instead of trading from a pool. In this case, the more participants are trading a particular pair of assets, the higher the liquidity of this pair. In cryptocurrency, typically, early adopters and project developers could opt to prop out the liquidity of their platform’s native token to make it easier for their communities to get access to it. The developers take up the responsibility of providing liquidity and maintaining a pool. The pool, which typically is comprised of two tokens, will allow traders to deposit one token in exchange for the other. In this case, if the project is new, a trader will deposit a popular asset such as Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum (ETH) in exchange for the pool’s token. If the project is a scam, the team responsible for maintaining the pool would then withdraw from the pool, leaving investors with worthless tokens. This kind of rug pull scam is common within the DeFi space.
2. Limiting or blocking sell orders or withdrawals
In this kind of scam, the developers typically allow investors to buy their tokens but either limit or disable sell orders. They could limit sell orders right from the start of the investment period or much later when they are looking to lock in their spoils. The rug pull of this kind is more common with trading platforms where scammers have access to the backend to enable and disable trades or withdrawals. This scam is typically carried out on decentralized exchanges to minimize the chances of being tracked. Users of the exchange will be lured into using a new trading platform through an active marketing campaign. Once the exchange becomes abuzz with trading activity, the scammers will partially or entirely disable functionality. For instance, it may still be possible to buy tokens but not sell them. Or, traders will be able to sell capped amounts. There are several versions of this scam, but the end goal for the scammers is to exit with the most amount of tokens. It is also possible for developers to launch a smart contract for a crypto project with nefarious code that limits or prevents token transfers between wallets, thereby preventing owners of the token from selling it after acquiring it. This feature ensures that owners are unable to send the tokens to trading platforms for selling.
3. Token dumping
Token dumping is a more common practice that is arguably an unethical business practice. It entails token promoters pushing a particular token to the public to raise its price. Investors will notice the meteoric rise of the token’s price and FOMO (fear of missing out) into the action, only for the promoters to dump their tokens into the market at the peak, leaving the latest buyers with overpriced tokens. This is what is commonly termed a ‘pump and dump scheme.’ A more subtle token dumping scheme happens where a nefarious crypto project team allocates itself a disproportionately large amount of the available tokens as compensation for their role. These token holders (also called whales) then dump these tokens in the marketplace immediately or after the lapse of a vesting period, thereby depressing the asset’s price. Depending on how many tokens they hold and how many of these tokens they flood the market with, the price of the asset could fall significantly, resulting in losses for other token holders.
Examples of notable rug pulls in cryptocurrency
The following examples represent some of the highly publicized incidents in which investors lost a significant sum of money due to crypto rug pulls. Hopefully, once you have gone through the list, you will have a more concrete idea as to why rug pulls are a real threat to your investments. Additionally, these examples should serve as a wake-up call for you to be vigilant and better guard yourself and your capital.
1. Thodex Crypto Exchange
Thodex was a Turkish cryptocurrency exchange launched in 2017 by Faruk Fatih Ozer. The exchange managed to gain close to 390,000 active users as of April 2021, when it unexpectedly disabled withdrawals. According to reports, the exchange shared a message with users alluding to a possible “outside investment” that may have necessitated its unusual behavior and asked them to stay patient for “five days” before the resumption of normal services. It was later discovered to be a rug pull, with Fatih Ozer (CEO) making away with about $2.7 billion of users’ funds. According to reports from the Turkish Interior Ministry, he fled to Albania but was later arrested.
2. OneCoin
OneCoin represents one of the largest cryptocurrency-related Ponzi schemes in the history of the nascent industry. Founded in 2014 by Bulgarian Ruja Ignatova, the project purported to be a cryptocurrency company with a coin that could be mined and used for payments like Bitcoin. In essence, the OneCoin blockchain did not exist, and neither could the coins be used to serve the purported use case. Instead, OneCoin was a classic multi-level marketing company selling courses on cryptocurrency investing and trading with incentives for buyers to introduce more buyers. In March 2016, authorities in various countries started investigating the company, which saw Ignatova vanish into thin air, leaving her brother Konstantin Ignatov in charge. The authorities raided company offices in Bulgaria, arresting co-founder Sebastian Greenwood and later Konstantin, and charged them with, among other offenses, wire fraud, securities fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. All in all, OneCoin defrauded the public about $4 billion, and Ruja Ignatova is still missing.
3. Squid Game (SQUID) cryptocurrency
Squid Game (SQUID) was a controversial cryptocurrency project that was launched to take advantage of the popularity of the unrelated South Korean Netflix TV series that aired in 2021. The token, dubbed a ‘play-to-earn’ token, was created to reward users for their participation in online games. SQUID could, purportedly, be used to redeem points and exchanged for other cryptocurrencies. The project attracted a lot of interest at its height leading to a meteoric rise of 40,000% rise at its peak. However, Squid Game token was a classic rug pull scam with multiple red flags, including the inability to sell these assets. The promoters ended up with a horde of about $3.38 million and deleted their online presence, including all their social media pages and website. Following their exit, the token’s price plummeted by 99.99% before being delisted from the popular crypto analytics website CoinMarketCap.
4. AnubisDAO
AnubisDAO was a dog-themed cryptocurrency project which forked from the older OlympusDAO. The project was created during the dog-themed token craze of the second half of 2021, with the project conducting its crowdfunding in late October of the same year. The team raised close to $60 million in less than 24 hours by selling the project’s native ANKH tokens for 13,597 ETH. With hours left to the close of the token sale, all these funds were transferred to an unknown wallet address. Also, the ANKH/ETH liquidity pool was drained, leaving token holders with worthless tokens they could not immediately sell. It is not clear whether the team carried out a rug pull or the smart contract contained a vulnerability that was exploited, but the project did exhibit all the telltale signs of a classic crypto rug pull.
How to avoid a crypto rug pull?
Rug pulls are frequent occurrences within the blockchain space, but they are often easy to identify. Most investors who fall for these scams typically portray a sense of ignorance and lack of initiative to protect themselves. This section offers some of the most prevalent signs that a project could be a crypto or an nft rug pull in the making. If you identify these signs, it is advisable to keep off.
Team allocations
It is understandable for developers and project promoters to want to reward themselves for the work they undertake to bring a project to the market. However, the red flag is in the number of tokens they allocate to themselves. Unusually large and disproportionate allocations are a giveaway sign that the team does not have the interests of the community at heart, and it’s worth digging deeper and getting confirmation to allay your suspicion. To gauge whether an allocation is alarmingly large, check peers within the same niche and see what other founders are allocating to themselves.
Unlocked liquidity and lack of vesting periods
A common practice for most upcoming crypto projects are to lock the tokens allocated to the team to prevent dumping or even theft from the team members or hackers. If a project’s smart contract has been launched to the public without the provision of a locking mechanism for the tokens, that is a red flag. There is little stopping the developers from taking their tokens and dumping them in the market as soon as they are able to. Additionally, protections must be in place to guard a liquidity pool. If a project does not have these in place, walking away is advisable.
Lack of security audits
Auditing is essential, especially when done by an external and independent security firm. There are companies that provide these services within the blockchain space; therefore, there is no reason a project should be launched to the public without undergoing a security audit for all aspects of its infrastructure. The audit report should be publicized before the launch, and if there are any critical vulnerabilities identified, they need to be fixed before the launch. Coupled with the security audit, it is important for the project team to avail the back-end code for the public. This way, potential investors who also understand the coding language can invest in auditing the code independently. Most projects opt to crowdsource and store their smart contract files on GitHub for easy access.
Unknown or anonymous promoters
By itself, this factor does not make a project a possible rug-pull scam. However, if it is one of the several red flags, it gains weight and becomes hard to ignore. Knowing the identity of the team behind a project gives investors extra confidence to support the startup. It is, however, possible for a project to run effectively with little to no knowledge of the person or people promoting it. A case in point is Bitcoin, whose creator(s) is still unknown more than a decade later.
Limited features
In the examples section above, we highlighted the plight of the Squid Game token investors who were able to purchase SQUID but could not sell them. If you come across a project where prior investors are complaining about their inability to dispose of the tokens, that is a clear red flag that the project is a rug pull. Developers could also disable features such as token transfers between wallets and limiting or capping transfer amounts, among other features depending on the nature of the project. An easy way to detect whether a project developer has limited any feature is to buy a small amount first, try using it for the advertised reason, swap it for another token, or even sell it. If you are unable to do any of that, walk away.
Final thoughts
Guarding against a rug pull requires a proactive approach. Scammers are constantly working on new ways to make away with your hard-earned money, and it is your responsibility to educate yourself to better protect your investment. Hopefully, this guide takes you closer to achieving that goal. You can now identify the various types of crypto rug pulls through their nature and avoid them before it’s too late. There are still several other kinds of scams out there. Before you invest your money, ensure you do your own research (DYOR). Disclaimer: The content on this site should not be considered investment advice. Investing is speculative. When investing, your capital is at risk.
The development team has awarded itself a disproportionate amount of the tokens; If the project has been audited by a reputable external security audit; The code is publicly accessible for independent security researchers to audit; Whether the team is anonymous or well-known; The liquidity pool is locked and if the team’s tokens are vested.
title: “What Is A Rug Pull In Crypto Beginner S Guide Finbold” ShowToc: true date: “2023-01-21” author: “Dorothy Donald”
What is a crypto rug pull?
Adapting the general definition of a rug pull to crypto, the term thus means a sudden and deliberate withdrawal of support for a cryptocurrency project by its core development team. This action is often followed by the withdrawal of liquidity from the project’s treasury or coffers, thereby leaving investors exposed to losses. It is often the case to witness a cryptocurrency token scam, but with the rising popularity of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the recent past, there have been a few incidents of NFT rug pulls as well. It is, therefore, important to understand both kinds to be better prepared as an investor within the cryptocurrency industry. Crypto rug pulls are more common within decentralized entities such as decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and decentralized exchanges (DEXes) as opposed to the more centralized properties. This is because decentralized entities have little to no adherence to regulatory provisions, thereby encouraging anonymity and pseudonymity amongst project developers and users alike. According to a report by blockchain intelligence firm Chainalysis, cryptocurrency rug pulls alone accounted for a loss of $2.8 billion in 2021, which equates to an average daily loss of $7.67 million. The good news for the wise and astute investor is that rug pull scams typically follow a similar path making them easy to identify and avoid. In a later section of this guide, you will learn these easily identifiable traits to look out for and protect your investments. Recommended video: What is a Crypto Rug Pull? Crypto beginners’ corner:
How to Invest in Crypto? Complete Beginner’s Guide Best Cryptocurrency Exchanges – Top 7 Picks 15 Best Crypto Books for Beginners Must-read Crypto Wallets Guide for Beginners How to Mint & Sell NFTs? Beginner’s Guide How to Stake Cryptocurrency? Step-by-Step 11 Crypto Slang Terms Explained Best Crypto Trading Bots – Top 3 Picks What is DeFi? Liquidity Mining Explained
Types of crypto rug pulls
There are three common types of crypto rug pulls. These are:
Liquidity theft; Limiting/blocking sell orders; Token dumping.
Let’s further discuss each of these three types of rug pulls.
1. Liquidity theft
Liquidity in cryptocurrency refers to the ease of conversion between two assets. It could either be a trade between a digital token and a fiat currency or another token. The easier it is, the higher the liquidity of the specific token. A market is considered more liquid if there are large deposits of that asset held in a pool waiting for buyers or sellers. Alternatively, a platform could allow for direct trades between two market participants from their cryptocurrency wallets instead of trading from a pool. In this case, the more participants are trading a particular pair of assets, the higher the liquidity of this pair. In cryptocurrency, typically, early adopters and project developers could opt to prop out the liquidity of their platform’s native token to make it easier for their communities to get access to it. The developers take up the responsibility of providing liquidity and maintaining a pool. The pool, which typically is comprised of two tokens, will allow traders to deposit one token in exchange for the other. In this case, if the project is new, a trader will deposit a popular asset such as Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum (ETH) in exchange for the pool’s token. If the project is a scam, the team responsible for maintaining the pool would then withdraw from the pool, leaving investors with worthless tokens. This kind of rug pull scam is common within the DeFi space.
2. Limiting or blocking sell orders or withdrawals
In this kind of scam, the developers typically allow investors to buy their tokens but either limit or disable sell orders. They could limit sell orders right from the start of the investment period or much later when they are looking to lock in their spoils. The rug pull of this kind is more common with trading platforms where scammers have access to the backend to enable and disable trades or withdrawals. This scam is typically carried out on decentralized exchanges to minimize the chances of being tracked. Users of the exchange will be lured into using a new trading platform through an active marketing campaign. Once the exchange becomes abuzz with trading activity, the scammers will partially or entirely disable functionality. For instance, it may still be possible to buy tokens but not sell them. Or, traders will be able to sell capped amounts. There are several versions of this scam, but the end goal for the scammers is to exit with the most amount of tokens. It is also possible for developers to launch a smart contract for a crypto project with nefarious code that limits or prevents token transfers between wallets, thereby preventing owners of the token from selling it after acquiring it. This feature ensures that owners are unable to send the tokens to trading platforms for selling.
3. Token dumping
Token dumping is a more common practice that is arguably an unethical business practice. It entails token promoters pushing a particular token to the public to raise its price. Investors will notice the meteoric rise of the token’s price and FOMO (fear of missing out) into the action, only for the promoters to dump their tokens into the market at the peak, leaving the latest buyers with overpriced tokens. This is what is commonly termed a ‘pump and dump scheme.’ A more subtle token dumping scheme happens where a nefarious crypto project team allocates itself a disproportionately large amount of the available tokens as compensation for their role. These token holders (also called whales) then dump these tokens in the marketplace immediately or after the lapse of a vesting period, thereby depressing the asset’s price. Depending on how many tokens they hold and how many of these tokens they flood the market with, the price of the asset could fall significantly, resulting in losses for other token holders.
Examples of notable rug pulls in cryptocurrency
The following examples represent some of the highly publicized incidents in which investors lost a significant sum of money due to crypto rug pulls. Hopefully, once you have gone through the list, you will have a more concrete idea as to why rug pulls are a real threat to your investments. Additionally, these examples should serve as a wake-up call for you to be vigilant and better guard yourself and your capital.
1. Thodex Crypto Exchange
Thodex was a Turkish cryptocurrency exchange launched in 2017 by Faruk Fatih Ozer. The exchange managed to gain close to 390,000 active users as of April 2021, when it unexpectedly disabled withdrawals. According to reports, the exchange shared a message with users alluding to a possible “outside investment” that may have necessitated its unusual behavior and asked them to stay patient for “five days” before the resumption of normal services. It was later discovered to be a rug pull, with Fatih Ozer (CEO) making away with about $2.7 billion of users’ funds. According to reports from the Turkish Interior Ministry, he fled to Albania but was later arrested.
2. OneCoin
OneCoin represents one of the largest cryptocurrency-related Ponzi schemes in the history of the nascent industry. Founded in 2014 by Bulgarian Ruja Ignatova, the project purported to be a cryptocurrency company with a coin that could be mined and used for payments like Bitcoin. In essence, the OneCoin blockchain did not exist, and neither could the coins be used to serve the purported use case. Instead, OneCoin was a classic multi-level marketing company selling courses on cryptocurrency investing and trading with incentives for buyers to introduce more buyers. In March 2016, authorities in various countries started investigating the company, which saw Ignatova vanish into thin air, leaving her brother Konstantin Ignatov in charge. The authorities raided company offices in Bulgaria, arresting co-founder Sebastian Greenwood and later Konstantin, and charged them with, among other offenses, wire fraud, securities fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. All in all, OneCoin defrauded the public about $4 billion, and Ruja Ignatova is still missing.
3. Squid Game (SQUID) cryptocurrency
Squid Game (SQUID) was a controversial cryptocurrency project that was launched to take advantage of the popularity of the unrelated South Korean Netflix TV series that aired in 2021. The token, dubbed a ‘play-to-earn’ token, was created to reward users for their participation in online games. SQUID could, purportedly, be used to redeem points and exchanged for other cryptocurrencies. The project attracted a lot of interest at its height leading to a meteoric rise of 40,000% rise at its peak. However, Squid Game token was a classic rug pull scam with multiple red flags, including the inability to sell these assets. The promoters ended up with a horde of about $3.38 million and deleted their online presence, including all their social media pages and website. Following their exit, the token’s price plummeted by 99.99% before being delisted from the popular crypto analytics website CoinMarketCap.
4. AnubisDAO
AnubisDAO was a dog-themed cryptocurrency project which forked from the older OlympusDAO. The project was created during the dog-themed token craze of the second half of 2021, with the project conducting its crowdfunding in late October of the same year. The team raised close to $60 million in less than 24 hours by selling the project’s native ANKH tokens for 13,597 ETH. With hours left to the close of the token sale, all these funds were transferred to an unknown wallet address. Also, the ANKH/ETH liquidity pool was drained, leaving token holders with worthless tokens they could not immediately sell. It is not clear whether the team carried out a rug pull or the smart contract contained a vulnerability that was exploited, but the project did exhibit all the telltale signs of a classic crypto rug pull.
How to avoid a crypto rug pull?
Rug pulls are frequent occurrences within the blockchain space, but they are often easy to identify. Most investors who fall for these scams typically portray a sense of ignorance and lack of initiative to protect themselves. This section offers some of the most prevalent signs that a project could be a crypto or an nft rug pull in the making. If you identify these signs, it is advisable to keep off.
Team allocations
It is understandable for developers and project promoters to want to reward themselves for the work they undertake to bring a project to the market. However, the red flag is in the number of tokens they allocate to themselves. Unusually large and disproportionate allocations are a giveaway sign that the team does not have the interests of the community at heart, and it’s worth digging deeper and getting confirmation to allay your suspicion. To gauge whether an allocation is alarmingly large, check peers within the same niche and see what other founders are allocating to themselves.
Unlocked liquidity and lack of vesting periods
A common practice for most upcoming crypto projects are to lock the tokens allocated to the team to prevent dumping or even theft from the team members or hackers. If a project’s smart contract has been launched to the public without the provision of a locking mechanism for the tokens, that is a red flag. There is little stopping the developers from taking their tokens and dumping them in the market as soon as they are able to. Additionally, protections must be in place to guard a liquidity pool. If a project does not have these in place, walking away is advisable.
Lack of security audits
Auditing is essential, especially when done by an external and independent security firm. There are companies that provide these services within the blockchain space; therefore, there is no reason a project should be launched to the public without undergoing a security audit for all aspects of its infrastructure. The audit report should be publicized before the launch, and if there are any critical vulnerabilities identified, they need to be fixed before the launch. Coupled with the security audit, it is important for the project team to avail the back-end code for the public. This way, potential investors who also understand the coding language can invest in auditing the code independently. Most projects opt to crowdsource and store their smart contract files on GitHub for easy access.
Unknown or anonymous promoters
By itself, this factor does not make a project a possible rug-pull scam. However, if it is one of the several red flags, it gains weight and becomes hard to ignore. Knowing the identity of the team behind a project gives investors extra confidence to support the startup. It is, however, possible for a project to run effectively with little to no knowledge of the person or people promoting it. A case in point is Bitcoin, whose creator(s) is still unknown more than a decade later.
Limited features
In the examples section above, we highlighted the plight of the Squid Game token investors who were able to purchase SQUID but could not sell them. If you come across a project where prior investors are complaining about their inability to dispose of the tokens, that is a clear red flag that the project is a rug pull. Developers could also disable features such as token transfers between wallets and limiting or capping transfer amounts, among other features depending on the nature of the project. An easy way to detect whether a project developer has limited any feature is to buy a small amount first, try using it for the advertised reason, swap it for another token, or even sell it. If you are unable to do any of that, walk away.
Final thoughts
Guarding against a rug pull requires a proactive approach. Scammers are constantly working on new ways to make away with your hard-earned money, and it is your responsibility to educate yourself to better protect your investment. Hopefully, this guide takes you closer to achieving that goal. You can now identify the various types of crypto rug pulls through their nature and avoid them before it’s too late. There are still several other kinds of scams out there. Before you invest your money, ensure you do your own research (DYOR). Disclaimer: The content on this site should not be considered investment advice. Investing is speculative. When investing, your capital is at risk.
The development team has awarded itself a disproportionate amount of the tokens; If the project has been audited by a reputable external security audit; The code is publicly accessible for independent security researchers to audit; Whether the team is anonymous or well-known; The liquidity pool is locked and if the team’s tokens are vested.
